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' PROGRAMS FOR
CAPTURING, HANDLING, UTILIZING, AND
DISPOSING OF INFECTED PINE MATERIAL
' IN SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY
' A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE
1
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
AND FIRE PROTECTION
' BY GREENSPACE THE CAMBRIA LAND TRUST
COMMUNITY BENEFIT CONSULTANTS
RICHARD HAWLEY
CYNDI BUTTfRFIELD &
' DEBBIE PARKER
' P.O. BOX 1505
CAMBRIA CA 93428
(805) 927-4964
FAX (805) 927-5102
DECEMBER 1998
1
' CONTENTS
' /NTRODUCT/ON Page
About Pitch Canker 1
The Purpose of the Report 2
The Importance of Protecting Monterey Pine Forest Ecosystems 3
Economic Considerations 4
' Support for Project Objectives by State Legislation and Local Policies 6
METHODOLOGY
Overview of the Program and Option Selection Process 7
Two Methods of Analyzing the Feasibility of Options 7
Selection Criteria Listed in Order of Weights 8
Biological, Economic, and Political Considerations 9
FINDINGS
Results of the Survey 10
Current Activities in San Luis Obispo County 15
Map of Sources of Pine Materials in the Project Area Following 18
' OPT/ONS
Options for Utilizing Pine Materials 19
Options for Capturing, Handling and Disposing of Pine Materials 25
' RECOMMENDED PROGRAMS FOR USE OF PINE MATERIALS
List of Program Options in Order of Their Ranking 26
' North Coast Area Following 27
North County Area Following 27
Area South of Cuesta Grade Following 27
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPTURING, HANDL/NG, AND
DISPOSING OF PINE MATERIALS 28
i MODEL RESOLUTION AND ORDINANCES
Model Resolution for Jurisdictions Within San Luis Obispo County 31
Model Ordinances for Jurisdictions Within San Luis Obispo County 35
PROGRAM FUNDING OPTIONS
Recycling Market Development Zone Loan Program 36
Local Funds for Solid Waste Diversion Programs 36
Avoided Disposal Costs 36
Grants 37
TEMPLATE FOR ZO!COUNT/ES 39
BIBLIOGRAPHY 40
ATTACHMENTS
' A Board of Forestry Resolution
B Pitch Canker Task Force Position Paper
C Program Selection Chart
D List of Recycling Market Development Zone Contacts
E Tree Notes
F Resources
1
INTRODUCTION
' About Pitch Canker
' Pitch canker is an introduced fungal tree disease first discovered in California in 1986. On June
4, 1997 by resolution the State Board of Forestry established the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of
Infestation(ZOI or Zone) which includes all or portions of 22 coastal counties from Mendocino
' to San Diego. The resolution is included as Attachment A. Since its discovery, pitch canker has
proven to be a serious and lethal disease of Monterey and bishop pines and is known to infect
numerous other native California pines. In response to this threat the statewide Pitch Canker
Task Force was formed and has since developed recommendations(Attachment B).
1
Wind, bark beetles and other insects carry the fungus, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp.pini, from
' tree to tree. Long-distance spread of the disease occurs as people transport whole logs, firewood,
Christmas trees,yard waste,wood chips, and residential and commercial wood waste infected
with pitch canker. Pitch canker has been found in 18 counties within the Zone. An additional 4
' counties are included within the Zone because of the high likelihood that the disease will be
found in these counties in the near future. There are many areas within the Zone that are still free
of the disease.
Because of the devastating nature of pitch canker and because there is no known chemical cure or
' preventative,a primary effort of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection(CDF)
is to slow the spread of the disease from infested to uninfested areas within the Zone and to areas
outside the Zone. Slowing the spread of pitch canker is dependent on development of programs
' that will leverage changes in how and where people transport infected pine materials by:
♦ Capturing maximum volumes of potentially infected pine materials for handling,processing
' for use, and disposal in managed systems.
♦ Processing pine materials using a method that eliminates the pathogen.
♦ Reducing the distances pine materials are transported by processing materials close to the
' point of generation.
♦ Reducing the release of the pathogen via insect vectors during transport by ensuring that pine
materials are transported in enclosed vehicles.
' The Need for Cooperation and for Assuming Responsibility
Because private business, residents, vacationers, non-governmental organizations, and
' government agencies all participate in the spread of pitch canker in everyday activities of
transporting logs, firewood, chips, branches, needles, cones, and trees that include pine materials,
slowing the spread of the disease will require a willingness among all of these entities to
1 cooperate and to assume responsibility. Thousands of Monterey pines and other pines will be
killed by pitch canker within the Zone of Infestation. Reducing the impact of the disease and
' slowing its spread will depend on a cooperative determination to fund new programs, to change
daily habits, to implement changes to existing systems, and to develop new systems for capturing,
handling,utilizing, and disposing of pine materials.
1
' Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 1
California Depamnent of Forestry and Fire Protection
The Purpose of this Report
The purpose of the report is to provide: t
♦ A recommendation for a self sustaining program for San Luis Obispo county for the capture 1
(separate collection),handling(transporting), utilization, and disposal of pine materials that
will slow the spread of pitch canker from infested to uninfested areas within the project area,
within the Zone of Infestation,and to areas outside the Zone. '
♦ A listing of program options for the use of pine materials ranked in order of effectiveness
based on specific criteria and on biological, economic,and political considerations. '
♦ A model policy and ordinance upon which effective programs for slowing the spread of pitch
canker can be based. '
♦ A template for ZOI counties outside of the project area for local application of program
options. '
Criteria used in the feasibility analysis of program options are listed in order of their ranking in
the "Methodologies"section below.
The Project Area
The geographic area covered by this project is the county of San Luis Obispo. The jurisdictions '
involved include San Luis Obispo County and the seven incorporated cities of Atascadero, Paso
Robles, San Luis Obispo, Morro Bay, Pismo Beach, Grover Beach,and Arroyo Grande. All
infested counties,along with the jurisdictions within the project area, were involved in an initial '
survey which provided information on current practices and an understanding of program needs.
As mentioned above,the report also includes a template for developing local programs for ZOI
counties. '
All Pine Materials Assumed to be Infected '
For the purposes of this report all pine materials are assumed to be infected because, at the
outset, most people are not able to distinguish infected from uninfected pine trees and pine '
materials. In addition, even if people who work with trees and tree materials could distinguish
infected from uninfected pines, setting up an entirely separate system for the collection,transport,
use,and disposal of infected pines would be unrealistic and inconsistent with the project priority '
to build on existing programs. Implementing changes to existing systems that already handle
wood and yard debris and initiating new systems and facilities to slow the spread of pitch canker
by providing needed waste reduction services for collection of all wood and yard debris will '
provide a broader base for program sustainability.
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 2 ,
California Depanment of Forestry and Fire Protection
' The Importance of Protecting Monterey Pine Forest Ecosystems
' Preserving Genetic Resources
A 1995 publication sponsored by the USDA Forest Service and the University of California
Genetic Resources Conservation Program, "The Status of Temperate North American Forest
' Genetic Resources"discusses the potential for losses of the genetic underpinnings of native tree
species in North America and calls for in situ preservation of forest ecosystems. The report
points out that while close to 4 million hectares of Monterey pine are grown in plantations in
' Australia,New Zealand, and Chile, Monterey pines are managed in their North American native
ecosystems only for their aesthetic value, if they are managed at all. This is a precarious situation
' indeed,when to sustain the genetic essence of a species and the genetic core of a multi-billion
dollar industry it may become necessary to draw upon the genetic resources of these dwindling,
unmanaged native forests.
In situ protection of Monterey pines is also called for by the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) of the United Nations. A 1995 paper by the FAO by William Ciesla entitled"Natural
' Forests of Monterey Pine: A Global Resource", states that the existing three natural stands of
Monterey pine in California and the two small stands on Mexican islands off Baja are the only in
situ sources of germplasm upon which future tree improvement programs depend. The FAO
' considers Monterey pine to be the world's most widely planted species of pine and advises that
safekeeping of the remaining gene pool through an in situ program which affords long term
preservation of the remaining native stands of Monterey pine is critical.
1 In the April 1998 Worldwatch Issue Paper 140,"Taking a Stand: Cultivating a New Relationship
with the World's Forests", Janet Abramovitz recommends development of ecosystem reserves
and protection of forest species in situ as elements of intact ecosystems. This report focuses on
the necessity for protecting and(for forest understory dwellers) restoring healthy forest
ecosystems based on a new relationship with forests.
' A first step in building a new relationship with the Cambria Monterey pine forest in San Luis
' Obispo county will be taken when individuals and organizations make changes to systems and
behaviors that will slow the spread of pitch canker.
' Keeping Carbon Locked in Wood
In the Worldwatch report cited above, Ms. Abramovitz states that"Sustaining forests for future
generations will mean recognizing that their real wealth lies in their healthy ecosystems". She
' asserts that the"loss of ecosystems is no longer just a local problem" and that the"scale and
consequences of their decline reveal that we are all members of a threatened forest community-a
global community". This Worldwatch report states that almost half the forests that once
blanketed half of the earth are gone with most of the losses occurring during this century. And
due to those losses,which emit carbon into the atmosphere, we are left with less forests to absorb
the increasing amounts of carbon that are being emitted by expanding industrialization.
However,because of the ability of forests to store vast amounts of carbon(world wide estimated
to be 2.14 trillion tons)in trees, in organic matter on the forest floor and in soils,there is the real
' potential for restored forests once again to become a net carbon sink rather than a source of
' Capturing,Handling.Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 3
California Deparonent of Forestry and Fite Protection
increases in atmospheric carbon. Therefore, this report gives value to options of slowing the ,
spread of pitch canker that keep carbon locked in the wood. This can be achieved by using wood
to make longer-lasting products such as lumber, furniture and other wood products. The use of '
wood for fuel has less value since the process involved causes carbon to be released into the
atmosphere.
Economic Considerations
The Wood Waste Glut in California '
In an unpublished paper entitled "Urban Wood Waste",the California Integrated Waste
Management Board(CIWMB) reports that each year in California approximately 3,800,000 tons ,
of urban wood,which includes pruned branches, stumps and whole trees among other forms of
discarded wood, is discarded. Of that amount, 3,350,000 tons are landfilled and only 450,000
tons are diverted. ,
At the time of the writing of the report, December of 1995, an additional 1,300,000 tons were
being consumed annually by the biomass industry in co-generation facilities as boiler fuel. Since '
the writing of this report,the biomass industry's demand for wood waste has decreased
dramatically due to closures of public and private plants. Once economically feasible because of
guaranteed higher energy prices provided by the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, ,
most biomass facilities have closed after the expiration and non-renewal of this legislation.
The state of California is glutted with wood waste. In addition to this glut,the loss of biomass '
plants, low landfill tip fees(in this county all tip fees are$45 or less), and the locally accepted
practice of"road-siding"logs and wood chips,present formidable barriers to finding markets for
increasing volumes of wood waste produced in San Luis Obispo county. '
The Costs of Tree Removal
In their April 1997 Fremontia article"Economic Damages of Pitch Canker", Templeton, Wood, ,
Storer, and Gordon discuss the costs of removing pitch canker diseased Monterey Pine trees from
private and public lands in Carmel-by-the-Sea Given an average tree removal cost of$800 and a
projected loss of 80%of the community's 7,488 Monterey pines, the authors project that '
homeowners will spend about$2,000,000 and the that city will spend about$2,800,000 for tree
removal costs alone.
Based on interviews with managers of tree removal services that operate in Cambria, 2 tree ,
removal services cumulatively remove about 600 trees per year. This total includes trees '
removed on private property for development and due to disease. At an average of$800 per tree,
conservative annual tree removal costs for Cambria residents and builders(based on the activities
of 2 tree removal services)can be projected to be $480,000. If the number of trees dying of pitch '
canker doubles the number of trees cut down, future costs to homeowners would be nearly
$1,000,000 annually. These calculations do not include the costs of tree removals incurred by the
County,the State,and by Pacific Gas and Electric. '
1
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 4 '
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
' Pine Materials as a Resource
It is very important to realize that the pine materials being produced in this county have one
' consequential quality that distinguishes them from the huge volumes of essentially valueless
wood waste flooding California's waste stream. While most wood waste comes from
' construction, demolition,renovation,packaging and shipping, and waste from woody crops,the
pine trees which are the subject of this report are new wood.
' Perceived as waste,pine trees will join the millions of tons of wood waste produced annually in
the state and the high cost of collecting,transporting,and landfilling waste will be added to the
costs of tree removal. Recognized as a local resource and linked with local needs, value can be
added to pine logs and pine branches, bark,needles and cones. Initial investments in developing
the local systems and facilities that will add value to pine trees before they leave the area will
reduce the costs for public services,provide local economic benefits and will add practicality and
' sustainability to programs designed to slow the spread of pitch canker.
The potential for programs to be self-sustaining is a high priority(see list of ranked criteria).
' Since program sustainability rests ultimately on the soundness of private sector businesses that
add value to collected pine materials, leveraging that sustainability will mean adoption of
policies, ordinances, and grant programs that encourage and support new and existing local
businesses.
Support of Local Markets by Loca/Government Agencies
While local private sector markets exist for pine lumber, interviews with local millers and one
northern California mill indicate a reluctance among retailers to carry Monterey pine lumber.
This reluctance is,according to these millers,primarily due to a lack of familiarity with the
product,not because of any shortcoming of Monterey pine.
t Since local governments will benefit from the processing of pine materials that will kill the pitch
canker pathogen and will contribute to achieving mandated solid waste diversion goals, local
government agencies may want to consider supporting sustainable markets for these enterprises
' by providing a price preference for the use of locally produced Monterey pine products for in-
house and contracted work.
' Avoided Disposal Costs
Avoided disposal costs are the total costs of.disposal (curbside collection,transport, and
landfilling) which are avoided and saved when materials are diverted from disposal systems.
' These avoided costs represent significant per ton savings, funds which can be shifted from
disposal services(which no longer collect,transport,or landfill the diverted materials)to
development and maintenance of systems and facilities for recycling tree materials. The
' "Funding Options" section contains more information on avoided disposal costs.
The avoided disposal cost method of determining the costs of waste processing alternatives
provides a more accurate method of assessing those costs and provides a source of revenue for
implementation of processing alternatives.
1
' Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation $
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
Local Funds for Implementation of Regional Recycling and Composting Programs
Through a joint powers agreement,the County of San Luis Obispo and 6 of the 7 cities in the ,
county formed the Integrated Waste Management Authority(IWMA) as a method of
implementing regional waste reduction, recycling and composting programs. Since its inception,
the IWMA has collected a$3.00 fee for each ton of waste disposed at landfills within the '
County's jurisdiction(Cold Canyon and Chicago Grade)which is reserved for implementation of
regional recycling and composting programs.
Support for Project Objectives by State Legislation and Local Policies '
AS 939 ,
The California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989,Assembly Bill (AB)939, requires
that each county and city reduce 1990 landfilled tonnages by 50%by 2000. This legislation also
requires that each jurisdiction generate a plan called a Source Reduction and Recycling Element ,
(SRRE)which describes adopted policies and the programs which will be implemented to reach
this waste reduction goal, and which identifies the costs of the programs along with funding '
sources.
Local Policies ,
The SRRE adopted by the jurisdictions in San Luis Obispo county was developed jointly by the 7
cities and the County, after which the County Integrated Waste Management Authority was
formed to implement county-wide programs. The jointly adopted SRREs include policies to: 1
♦ Work cooperatively with other jurisdictions in establishing and operating programs and
systems. '
♦ Provide convenient recycling opportunities for all residences and business.
♦ Encourage and support recyclable materials being"source separated"from other wastes.
♦ Encourage and support establishment and operation of business enterprises utilizing recycled
materials in the manufacture of goods.
♦ Encourage production of usable compost in a cost effective manner.
♦ Development of markets for compost. '
♦ Provide economic incentives and technical assistance to attract recycling and manufacturing
businesses. ,
In addition to these solid waste and recycling policies, the Cambria Monterey pine forest is
designated as a"sensitive resource area"in the County's General Plan and in the County's ,
Coastal Zone Land Use Ordinance.
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 6 '
Califomia Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
' METHODOLOGY
Overview of the Program and Option Selection Process
' Selection and development of the recommended program for San Luis Obispo county and the
ranked program options involved the following tasks:
' ♦ Mapping of sources of pine materials in the project area.
' ♦ A survey of ZOI counties and jurisdictions within the project area to identify current systems
and methods of capturing,handling,using, and disposing of pine and other wood materials.
♦ Interviews with managers of tree farms, supervisors of road crews,managers of state,
municipal, and county parks, arborists,managers of tree removal services,processing facility
operators, equipment manufacturers, and owners and managers of milling and woodworking
companies to identify current systems and to generate potential options.
' ♦ Review of information in trade journals, issue papers, equipment vendor publications, and
government agency publications and intemet sites.
' ♦ Identification of options for capturing, handling, disposing, and using pine materials based on
the needs determined through the survey and interviews, and on information generated from
research of literature.
1 ♦ Analysis of the feasibility of the options based on weighted criteria,economic, biological,
and political considerations, and on information collected on existing use, collection,
transport, and disposal systems.
Two Methods of Analyzing the feasibility of Options
1 Analysis of options for the use of pine materials differed from the analysis of options for the
capture(separate collection),handling(transport),and disposal of pine materials. This is due to
the fact that while collection,transport, and disposal systems for wood debris are firmly in place
in San Luis Obispo county and in most areas of the state,most options for using pine materials
t are not being carried out in the county at this time.
For example, as discussed in the section on"Current Activities in San Luis Obispo County",
' residential yard debris collection systems and methods used by tree removal services, arborists,
landscapers,and municipal and utility crews to collect,transport and dispose of tree materials are
firmly established. Consistent with the project criteria to select programs that have a potential
' for building on existing equipment and facilities,potential options for collection,transport,and
disposal systems that would slow the spread of pitch canker necessarily focus on modification
and/or expansion of existing systems. Therefore, options for modifying and expanding these
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 7
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
existing systems were generated through analysis of responses to the initial survey, interviews,
and a review of literature and vendor materials.
By contrast, options for the use of pine materials are numerous and varied with most of the I
potential options not being practiced in the project area. Analysis of potential program options
and identification of appropriate programs for the use of pine materials involved the following
steps:
1. CDF and Greenspace staff members generated a list of criteria and,by allocating points,
attached a relative value, or"weight"to each criterion. A total of 100 points was distributed
among all the program criteria. Higher numerical values were assigned to criteria that are
considered to be most critical or essential to reaching the goal of slowing the spread of pitch ,
canker. The weights assigned to each criterion by individuals were averaged to reach the
weight used in the feasibility analysis. The criteria are listed in order of their weighted values
below.
2. After a list of potential uses was generated, Greenspace staff applied numeric"probability of
success"values to program options. These values were expressed in terms of 3, 2, and I with '
3 =high, 2=medium,and 1 =low. Biological, economic, and political considerations were
used as factors in determining the probability of success values.
3. The feasibility of program options was analyzed by charting the options, the probability of i
success values of the options, and the weighted criteria. Criterion weights were multiplied by
the probability of success values. The product of the multiplied criterion weights and values
for each option represents the option rank. Please see Attachment C, "Program Selection
Chart".
Because burning of waste materials is allowed in unincorporated areas of the county and in 3
incorporated city areas but does not rely on organized use of existing equipment and on well '
developed systems,burning is analyzed in the options for utilization selection process.
Selection Criteria Listed in Order of Weights
1. Effectiveness in reducing the spread and the impact of pitch canker within and outside of the
county.
2. Consistency with local policies and ordinances.
3. Potential for generating self-sustaining programs.
4. Absence of biological constraints. '
5. Program costs.
6. Potential for generating income for county residents and businesses.
7. Effectiveness in involving public and private agencies,organizations,and individuals.
8a. Potential for funding program goals with grants and low interest loans.
8b. Potential for building on existing regional program priorities and plans.
9. Potential for basing programs on existing equipment and facilities.
10. Potential to generate low cost recycled materials for public and private uses.
11. Landfill diversion potential/potential to extend landfill life.
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 8
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
' Biological, Economic, and Political Considerations
' The assignment of"probability of success" values as described above included consideration of
biological, economic, and political considerations. Biological considerations involved the
potential for the option:
♦ To reduce the spread of pitch canker.
♦ To protect genetic resources of the Monterey pine forest.
' ♦ To protect the forest ecosystem.
♦ To keep carbon locked in wood.
♦ To minimize the depletion and pollution of air, land, and water resources.
' Even though the potential for a program to slow the spread of pitch canker was used as a criteria,
it was also taken into consideration in development of the"probability of success"values since
' slowing the spread of the disease is the primary objective.
Economic considerations involved the potential for the option:
' ♦ To reduce the overall impact on communities of tree removal costs by adding value to tree
materials.
♦ To produce a marketable product.
♦ To stimulate private sector involvement as a means of strengthening program sustainability.
♦ To minimize the costs of equipment, facilities, and labor where those costs are ascertainable.
♦ To be funded with existing local or state funds for implementation of recycling and
composting programs.
1 Political considerations included the extent to which an option is consistent with local and state
solid waste and recycling policies and mandates, and with local and state land use planning
' policies and ordinances including the County's General Plan and Coastal Zone Land Use
Ordinance, and the California Coastal Act. Expansion of the analysis of applicable state and
local laws and policies into, for example, impacts on resources such as air and water,etc. is not
' within the scope of this report and would be included in work done in preparation for specific
projects.
1
1
1
' Capt ring,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 9
California Departrnent of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
1
FINDINGS 1
Results of the Survey 1
The project began with assessment of existing conditions within the Zone of Infestation (ZOI or 1
Zone). Surveys were sent to all counties within the ZOI and each of the 8 jurisdictions(7 cities
and the unincorporated county)within the project area of San Luis Obispo county. Surveys were
completed and returned by representatives from 13 ZOI counties, the County of San Luis Obispo, 1
5 cities within San Luis Obispo county, 2 communities with solid waste responsibilities within
the ZOI and 2 State agencies. The discussion of responses takes into account all responding
jurisdictions for a total of 6 jurisdictions within the project area of San Luis Obispo county and 1
15 jurisdictions(13 counties and 2 communities) within the Zone of Infestation.
In addition to the written survey of local governments,assessment of current conditions within 1
the project area included verbal interviews with private individuals and agency representatives in
the ZOI who are involved in the day to day activities of capturing,handling, using, and disposing
of tree materials. 1
The information gathered from the survey reflects current awareness about pitch canker, and 1
policies and practices in the management of tree greenwaste and pine materials. The survey
identified how each jurisdiction currently captures, handles, uses, and disposes of removed trees
and discarded tree materials and provides baseline data for development of program options. 1
What follows is a discussion of the survey. Responses of"unknown"or"not applicable" are not
included in the discussion. 1
"Capturing"tree materials refers to the methods of separating and collecting tree materials from '
other waste stream materials. Tree materials including whole trees, firewood, logs, chips,
branches, needles, and cones can be captured at the point of generation such as any residential, '
commercial,or public site where trees are grown,trimmed, or cut down.
The chart below shows the various approaches to separating and collecting tree debris from other 1
waste stream materials used by the reporting jurisdictions and communities. The responses point
out that separation of tree debris at residences by curbside programs, on public lands by 1
municipal and county crews, and at landfills is being actively pursued within the Zone of
Infestation and that there is a need for expansion of these programs.
1
i
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 10 1
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
y of S[O
% of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that
' that Responded "Yes" Responded"Yes"
Separation of tree debris In 53%,of the communities, self haulers(residents and 50%
t at landfills landscapers as opposed to municipal haulers)are
provided the opportunity to separate tree materials
from other waste stream materials at the landfill.
Separation of p ne debris 21%of the communities reported that pine materials 16°0
were separated from other wood debris in at least one
' municipal activity.
'
Residential curbside
60%.provide separate residential curbside collection 3330
separation& collection of of tree debris.
tree debris
' urisdictions surveyed report that their own 33q
Separation of tree debris 68°0 of j
by county& municipal crews separate tree materials from other wastes.
crews
tRegulations reQuirine Regulations that require separation of tree debris are O%
' separation of tree much less prevalent with 20q;requiring separation of
materials. tree debris at landfills and only one community
(which provides curbside collection of separated
' greenwaste)banning greenwaste from municipal
waste collection systems.
Educational materials 13,01.of ZOI communities provide information about 000
provided at landfill or pitch canker and separation of pine materials at their
processing facility. landfill.
1 ,
' "Handling" refers to methods of transporting tree materials used by municipal tree workers,
municipal haulers, commercial haulers, recyclers, recycling and greenwaste facilities, road crews,
individuals, etc. Since long distance spread of pitch canker is due primarily to the transport by
humans of infected whole trees (including Christmas trees), logs, branches, bark, chips, cones,
and needles,how pine materials are transported is key to any effective effort to restrict the spread
' of pitch canker.
This chart shows how pine debris, in its many forms, is transported within the responding
communities.
Captunng,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 11
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
gofSLO '
q of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that
that Responded "Yes" Responded "Yes" ,
Regulations that require 27%of the responding jurisdictions reported that 16%
all waste materials to be municipal haulers are required to use sealed(as '
hauled in sealed vehicles opposed to slat sided,tarped, or covered)trucks.
One community reported that landscapers, wood chip
haulers,recyclers, self-haulers, and utility companies '
are required to use sealed trucks for hauling waste.
Information about how to 40q reported that information on how to transport 33r '
transport pitch canker pitch canker infected pine debris is provided to the
infected pine debris public.
provided to the public.
Information about how to 33r.reported that information on how to transport
transport pitch canker pitch canker infected pine debris is provided to city or 33r '
infected pine debris county employees involved in tree care.
provided to city or county
employees involved in '
tree care.
Restrictions on transport 8%O the ZOI jurisdictions place restrictions on the 16°o t
of pine debris. transport pine debris to areas outside the jurisdiction.
13°°of the jurisdictions reported that restrictions are 33rd '
placed on the transport of pine debris to areas outside
the Zone of Infestation.
Transport of pine debris 13°J°reported that when pine debris is transported
outside the ZOI in sealed from their jurisdiction to areas outside of the ZOI, it °
vehicles. must be transported in sealed (as opposed to slat '
sided, tarped, or covered)vehicles.
Resale/reuse of 60°°of the reporting communities sell processed tree '
processed bee debris debris (chips, mulch,compost, etc.)or furnish their 16�
generated by cities and tree debris to others for secondary processing for '
counties. resale.
Disinfecting equipment In order to curb the spread of pitch canker,tree care
(saws, clippers, loppers, workers in 13y of the reporting jurisdictions disinfect
etc.)after use on pine their equipment after use on pine trees.
trees.
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 12 t
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
For the purposes of this report"disposal'means landfilling and burning. Since one objective of
this project is the development of economically self sustaining program options,pine materials
are viewed as a usable product and disposal of pine materials is considered a last resort. Cost
projections for developing the infrastructure for utilizing pine materials should take into
consideration estimated"avoided disposal costs"which are the total costs of disposal avoided or
saved when materials are diverted from disposal systems. These avoided costs represent
significant per ton savings which can be shifted for use in development of recycling facilities and
systems. Calculations of projected savings can be used to project the actual costs of recycling
systems.
°° of SLO
% of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that
that Responded "Yes" Responded "Yes"
Open burning a//owed Open burningof wood debris is allowed in 60%of the 670°
responding jurisdictions.
1 40°0 of the jurisdictions are currently relying on landfills Paso Robles/2034
20 years or less of landfillthat will be full in 20 years of less. Cold canyon/2017
life Chicago Grade/2020
Landfill tipping fee of$40 530,have landfill tipping fees of$40 or less per ton. Paso Robles/$35.s5
per ton or less compacted&$43.85 loose
p Cold Canyon/$40
Chicago Grade/$45
UTILIZING PINE MATERIALS
In order to build ongoing systems that will slow the spread of pitch canker,two major objectives
of this project are to identify program options that will provide income for area businesses and
residents and create the basis for economically self-sustaining systems, and to extend the life of
landfills by diverting pine materials. For these reasons, pine materials are viewed as resources
and every effort has been made to identify feasible options based on adding value to pine
materials.
%ofSLO
J of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that
,YO "Yes"
that Responded "Yes"
Current uses of tree
materia/s.
Co-generation of In 270°of reporting jurisdictions, discarded tree debris is 0%
electrical power used to generate electrical power.
Composting 73%of the jurisdictions compost collected tree debris. 330%0
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 13
California Depamnent of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
gofSLO i
°o of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that
that Responded "Yes" Responded"Yes '
33rs
In 2710,1,of the reporting jurisdictions, urban trees and (2 private sector saw mills in
Milled into/umber trees cut from urbanizing forests are milled for lumber. sl.o county do mill locally
captured pine trees)
131%reported that tree materials generated in their 0%
Manufactured into jurisdiction are used in the manufacture of furniture or
furniture or cabinets cabinets.
In 531%of the jurisdictions, locally captured wood debris 5Wv
Split into firewood is processed into firewood.
In 6W.of the jurisdictions,wood debris is chipped or 67100Y ,
Chipped or shredded shredded for use as ground cover.
into ground cover
POLICIES, ORDINANCES, -•
Self sustaining programs designed to slow the spread of the pitch canker infestation will include ,
systems for capturing infected pine materials by separating them from other waste materials, for
safely transporting pine materials without releasing the pathogen or it's insect vectors, for
processing infected materials within the local area of generation, for safely disposing of unusable
materials, and for new and expanded local industries. Systems and industries that add value to
pine materials must provide the economic incentives for cooperating with control measures.
Effective programs will depend on development and implementation of policies, ordinances, and '
internal management requirements that will leverage the needed changes through both regulation
and incentive programs.
ro of SLO '
of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that
that Responded "Yes" Responded "Yes" '
Policies, ordinances, or 13%of the jurisdictions provide special systems for 0%
programs that provide capturing,handling, using, and disposing of pine
specialized systems for
capturing, handling, using materials and have policies or ordinances on which
or disposing of pine, or those systems are based.
infected pine debris
Banning of any wood 7%reported that some type of wood or yard debris is 000 f
Debris from landfills banned from their landfills.
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 14
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection '
°o of SLD
°o of Zone of Infestation Jurisdictions Jurisdictions that
' that Responded "Yes" Responded"Yes"
Incentives for separation of
tree debris:
' Volume based rates 27%of the jurisdictions promote residential separation
/inked with curbside of tree debris with volume based garbage rates coupled 33rd
tgreenwaste pick-up with curbside collection of greenwaste.
Reduced landfill 440%.emulate separation of tree debris by offering
' tipping fees for reduced tipping fees for clean loads of wood at landfills.
separated loads of 17�
tree debris
Current Activities in San Luis Obispo County
' Capturing and Handling Pine Tree Debris in SLO County
Information in this section was gathered from interviews with public agency staff members who
' manage trees, owners and managers of private sector tree services, arborists,tree processors,and
recyclers. The goal of these interviews was to:
' ♦ Learn how pine tree parts are currently being captured(separated and collected)and handled
(transported).
♦ Assess the capacity of current systems for handling increases in pine materials.
' ♦ Assess the capacity(and willingness)of tree cutters to cut logs in appropriate lengths for
production of lumber(up to 16 1/2 feet).
' ♦ Identify modifications of existing systems and facilities needed to slow the spread of pitch
canker in the project area.
' Overview
Pine trees parts are currently being captured on site by public agency crews,private tree services,
arborists, landscapers, and residents. Most report that tree debris in the form of logs and chips is
' left on site or transported in open and partly open trucks. Both public agencies and private
sector tree services report they have the capacity to handle a doubling in trees requiring removal.
Both public and private sector tree removal crews are able to cut trees in lengths for milling but
' lack the interest to market the wood and the equipment to handle and transport that length.
The Details
' Government agency representatives reported that when trees are removed,tree trunks are cut into
rounds, split for firewood, and left on site. Branches, cones, and needles are chipped on site with
the chips being blown into a chip box or a tarped truck for transport. Chip boxes are open in the
' rear and chips are transported for use as mulch in parks or other public property. Chips are also
left on site and piled near roadsides for public removal by both private sector tree services and
public agencies.
1
' Capturing.Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of infected Pine Material within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation is
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
While agencies have the capacity to cut trees in saw log lengths,they do not have the equipment
to remove or haul 20 foot logs and have no interest in pursuing markets for the wood. Public
agencies reported that if the number of trees that required removal doubled, they would be able to '
handle the doubling of work with their existing equipment and current staff.
Private sector tree removal service representatives reported that trees are cut into rounds or into '
split firewood and left on site. Some rounds go to landfills or, in the past, to the San Simeon
processing site which is now closed(see map). Tree services prefer to leave chips on site as t
mulch but they also pile chips in public right of ways for public use and haul chips to compost
facilities(see map). Chips are hauled in open-ended chip boxes or partially open trucks. One
tree service has curtains on the rear of chip boxes to reduce spread of pitch canker. '
Similar to the response of agencies, private tree service workers have the ability to cut trees into
saw log lengths, but are not interested in marketing the logs themselves, and lack the equipment '
to handle and transport lengths up to 16 1/2 feet. Managers of private tree services also reported
that if the number of trees requiring removal doubled,they would increase staff and equipment to
accommodate the need. t
Tree trimmings collected in residential curbside programs are transported in both open trucks and
closed garbage trucks. Residential yard debris is transported to 3 compost sites in the county '
(see map)where end products are finished compost, partly cured mulch,and wood chips. Only
one compost facility, Cold Canyon, takes logs which must be 20"or less in diameter.
Uses of Pine trees in SIO County
Information in this section was gathered from interviews with managers of businesses that add
value to pine tree parts. The purpose of the interviews was to: ,
♦ Identify existing uses to which pine materials can be directed.
♦ Determine the capacity of existing businesses to expand as volumes of pine debris increase. '
♦ Estimate equipment and facilities needed to accommodate increases in volumes of wood
debris. '
Businesses that add value to pine tree debris or parts in San Luis Obispo county include the
compost facilities, 2 saw mills, and several furniture makers. As described above,there are 3 '
compost sites in the county. Wood and yard debris is accepted from municipal residential
collection programs and self haulers. Only one compost facility, Cold Canyon, accepts logs and
those accepted must be 20 inches or less in diameter. Up to 20,000 tons of cured compost is '
produced annually and 2 of the 3 facilities have the capacity to expand the volumes of materials
they accept and process.
The saw mills,one in the North Coast area and one in the city of San Luis Obispo,cumulatively '
produce approximately S,000 board feet per month of pine lumber from over 100 trees milled per
year. Lumber produced includes non-standard building materials, slabs, fence boards and lumber '
for construction of sheds and outdoor chairs. While the lumber and sheds are sold locally,the
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 16
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection t
' chairs are sold state-wide and in Texas. Sawdust and chips are sold from the San Luis Obispo
mill for mulch and animal bedding.
' Both millers work with private tree services in the area to get tree lengths suitable for milling.
Logs with bark are hauled in uncovered trucks. The ability of the Limacher saw mill on the
North Coast to capture and haul logs is essentially limited to the North Coast area and Pacific
Coast Lumber in San Luis Obispo recently rolled their truck and lost capacity to capture and
haul logs. Lumber is air dried by Limacher while Pacific Coast Lumber uses a drier. Both of
these facilities have the capacity to increase production to a combined total of approximately 200
trees per year.
' Managers at both local sawmills and one major northern California sawmill reported a reluctance
of retail distributors to carry Monterey Pine apparently due to a lack of familiarity with the
' product Expanded use of Monterey Pine as lumber will need to be accompanied by a
promotional campaign.
' Furniture manufacturers in the county who use pine report that the lumber they use must be
dried. One manufacturer uses approximately 2,000 board feet annually. Lumber sizes used
range from 1 inch to 1 1/2 and 2 inches in thickness. "Blue stain", a characteristic of some
' Monterey Pine lumber, is used by one furniture maker.
Disposal of Pine Debris in SLO County
' Disposal in this context means discarding a material as a waste. There are essentially 3 ways of
disposing wood debris in San Luis Obispo county. First,wood waste is landfilled at one of the 3
landfills in the county. As shown on the map, all waste from the North Coast area of the county
' and all areas south of the Cuesta grade are hauled to Cold Canyon landfill. Waste from North
County areas is hauled to either the Paso Robles landfill or the Chicago Grade landfill.
Based on data provided by the California Integrated Waste Management Board(CIWMB)
closure dates of the three landfills are 2034 for the Paso Robles landfill,2017 for Cold Canyon,
' and 2020 for Chicago Grade. For the 12 month period from July 1997 through June 1998,the
cumulative amount landfilled at all 3 county landfills as reported to the CIWMB by the County
was 203,017 tons.
' An extrapolation of the total wood and prunings landfilled during that same 12 month period is
18,275 tons. This extrapolation is based on the total tonnages landfilled and the percent of total
' waste stream represented by wood and prunings reported in the county's 1991 Solid Waste
Generation Study(a component of the State mandated Source Reduction and Recycling
Element).
tDevelopment and implementation of effective systems for diverting and using wood debris and
prunings from landfills would,based on these calculations,reduce the total tons landfilled by up
' to 9%.
1
' Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of infestation 17
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
The second disposal method, burning of waste materials, is allowed in unincorporated areas of
the county and in 3 incorporated city areas. The Air Pollution Control District provides a permit 1
to bum wood debris if the Agricultural Commissioner declares that the material contains a pest
or if the California Department of Forestry(CDF) declares it to be a fire hazard.
Third, wood debris,particularly whole trees, logs, branches, needles and cones are discarded in
undeveloped forested areas, undeveloped rural areas, and along roadsides. This last method of
disposal is referred to as"road siding" and is used by public agencies,private sector tree removal 1
services, and residents.
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Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 18 1
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
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' OPT/ONS
' Options for Utilizing Pine Materials
In this section the top 10 ranking options that involve uses for pine materials are discussed(see
"Recommended Program for Use of Pine Materials" section). The discussion of some options,
for example the 4 options for the use of lumber and the 2 options for composting with biosolids,
' are covered under one heading below. The non-use options and both education programs are
self-explanatory and are not expanded upon in this discussion.
1 Composting Wood Debris
Compost is the product of biological and aerobic decomposition of organic materials. The recipe
used and the type of end product produced varies with available materials. Temperatures can be
' controlled and sustained at 140 degrees for one week and above to kill pathogens and seeds. The
end product is a completely decomposed soil amendment.
' The most important components of composting are the carbon to nitrogen ratio and the control of
oxygen, moisture content, and temperature. Processing methods range from high tech,
' completely automated indoor facilities to simple low-tech windrow and static pile operations in
more rural areas. Since this report deals with increases in wood debris(carbon), sources of
nitrogen represent an important consideration in determining the feasibility of composting as a
' method of using pine debris. A list of some sources of nitrogen is provided below.
Windrow composting works best in areas with space away from urban areas and is the least
expensive option. It involves building elongated piles, or windrows, of material to be
composted,periodic tuming.of the piles, and monitoring and adjustment of moisture and
temperature levels. Another low-tech option is the aerated static pile. Operating on the same
' principles as the windrow method, aerated static piles are built on perforated pipes that draw air
through the composting material. This system allows for larger piles which take up less space
and it eliminates the need to turn the piles.
1 In-vessel composting takes place in a container and either produces a finished product in the
vessel or"jump starts"the process which is finished in outdoor piles or windrows. Proprietary
' systems are available. This process decreases decomposition time, controls odors,takes up less
space and has higher equipment and production costs than the outdoor systems.
' According to the Composting Component of the San Luis Obispo Source Reduction and
Recycling Element, siting criteria for a compost facility include:
' ♦ Vacant flat land
♦ Low residential density
' ♦ Ability to meet typical EIR criteria(no wetlands, flood plains,historic sites, endangered
species,prime agricultural land,etc.)
♦ Good truck access
' ♦ Low water table (more than 2 feet below the surface)
t Capturing,Handling.Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 19
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
♦ Potential for visual buffer '
♦ Availability of water on-site
♦ No drainage problems '
Pathogen Kill. Composting processes regulate temperatures through aeration and watering to
achieve a pathogen kill. Temperatures of over 140 degrees can be sustained for this purpose.
How Much Does it Cost? The costs involved in setting up and operating a yard and wood debris ,
composting facility depend primarily on the level of technology chosen for the process. Based on
the"Greenwaste Reduction Implementation Plan"prepared by Integrated Urban Forestry, Inc. in
Laguna Hills,one time start up costs for a small, low tech composting facility(one processing 25 '
to 30 tons per day)would be approximately $375,000. This amount includes a tub grinder, a 3
cubic yard bucket loader, a screen with elevators, miscellaneous equipment, and permitting. This
same report estimates annually recurring costs for the small facility to be $53,000. ,
Nitrogen Sources
Alfalfa Manure, Cow Manure,Turkey w/Hulls ,
Alfalfa Silage Manure, Cow w/Bedding Manure, Turkey w/ Shavings
Blood Meal Manure, Cow w/ Shavings Nitrogen,28% ,
Breading Crumbs, Fishery Manure, Cow w/ Straw Nitrogen, 32%
Cocoa Shells Manure, Dairy Oat Silage
Coffee Grounds Manure, Duck Onion Peelings
Duck Weed Manure, Goat Seaweed
Fish Byproducts Manure, Goose Sludge,Digested
Garbage,kitchen Manure, Horse, no Bedding Sludge,Fish
Garbage, Municipal Manure, Horse w/ Sawdust Sludge, Liquid
Garden Weeds Manure, Horse w/ Shavings Tankage
Grass Clippings Manure,Horse w/Straw Urine,Horse w/Straw ,
Grass, Loose&Dry Manure, Liquid Waste,Crustacean
Grass, Wet Chopped Manure, Paunch Waste,Dogfish '
Herbs, Pressed Manure, Pig Waste,Flounder
Manure& Hay Mix Manure, Pigeon Waste Herring
Manure,Beef w/Straw Manure, Rabbit Waste,Mullet
Manure, Broiler Manure, Sheep Waste, Tomato
Manure, Chicken, Dry Manure, Sheep w/Bedding Waste,Vegetable
Manure, Chicken, Wet Manure, Turkey Wheat, Wet Chopped ,
The Potential for Compost as a Disease Suppressing Agent '
In the August 1997 Worldwatch Paper number 135,"Recycling Organic Waste: From Urban
Pollutant to Farm Resource", Gary Gardner discusses the disease suppression capacity of
compost. Specifically related to diseases caused by fungi, Mr. Gardner notes that"Since the '
1970s, field tests have shown that compost limits the spread of root rot as effectively as many
fungicides." More in-depth information about the use of compost for control of soil borne
1
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 20 ,
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
' diseases comes from the research of Dr. Harry Hoitink who is a plant pathologist at the Ohio
' State University Agricultural Research and Development Center.
While research on the effects of compost on Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. Pini(the fungus that
' causes the pitch canker infection)has not been completed, it is important to note that composted
tree bark, according to Dr. Hoitink,can be as effective on the control of some fungi related
diseases as fungicides and has significantly replaced the use of methyl bromide in the ornamental
plant industry.
Production of compost for disease suppression qualities may also be of interest to communities
' situated near agricultural operations such as vineyards. A recent article in the January 1999
edition of BioCycle Magazine,"California Wineries Take Major Steps to Improve Vineyards",
cites work done by University of California, Davis researchers on the disease suppression
' capacity of composts. Don Lotter,a Ph.D. candidate at Davis, "...found a trend towards higher
populations of beneficial microorganisms that are antagonists to Fusarium"in vineyards
receiving compost applications. BioCycle reports that there is an increasing volume of research
that exhibits the disease suppressive properties of compost. Research into the needs of nearby
potential agricultural users is the first step to developing a compost product that can be marketed
locally.
Bioso/ids composting. Everybody's doin'it
Biosolids is the term used for the sludge produced by municipal sewage treatment plants.
Biosolids compost is a widely used product by landscapers, nurseries, soil blenders,residents and
farmers.
BioCycle Magazine's January 1999 headline article, `Biosolids Composting in the United
States",reports that in addition to the 274 operating biosolids composting facilities in the U.S.
t there are another 47 facilities in various phases of designing, planning,permitting and
construction. This report lists 12 facilities that are operational in California by type of facility
and tons of biosolids per year processed. Reports from 59 of the operational facilities in the U.S.
' confirmed that their cumulative production of biosolids compost exceeds 1,300,000 tons
annually.
' Utilization of Wood Chips in the Bioso/ids Composting Process. Wood chips are used as a
source of carbon by the Texarkana Water Utilities Department in Texarkana, Texas. The ratio of
wood chips to biosolids is based on the water content of the sludge and the weather(more chips/
' sludge in wet weather,less in dry). During 1997,Texarkana used 17,240 cubic yards of ground
greenwaste and 1,113 dry metric tons of biosolids to produce 16,000 cubic yards of compost.
' Chipped greenwaste is also used by San Joaquin Compost, a private enterprise 60 miles east of
Paso Robles on Hwy 46. Based on a tipping fee, San Joaquin accepts greenwaste from as far
south as Los Angeles and mixes greenwaste with municipal biosolids from a number of areas
' including jurisdictions in San Luis Obispo and Santa Cruz counties.
1 Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 21
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
Pathogen Kill. Temperatures are controlled through aeration and watering and achieve a pathogen 1
kill. At Texarkana,temperatures are held between 122 and 131 degrees F for a number of days.
Higher temperatures can be achieved and held. The finished product is Class"A"compost '
which meets the EPA Part 503, Table 3 Pollution Limits for Exceptional Quality Material. These
same EPA standards are achieved through temperature controlled pathogen kills at San Joaquin
Compost which produces 170,000 tons annually of finished compost to agricultural users. ,
How much does it cost? The January BioCycle article, which is a report on a survey of biosolid
composting facilities,reports costs per ton that range between$230 per ton for a large indoor, '
fully automated facility in an urban area and $20 per ton for a small outdoor facility in a rural
area with plenty of space and no odor problems. ,
The Texarkana facility uses a 4 cubic yard front loader, a skid steer loader with a I cubic yard
bucket, a tub grinder, a windrow turner, a trommel screen, a 10 yard dump truck, a JD Crawler ,
dozer and a tractor. A 40 x 120 foot covered area is used for machinery storage. The
approximate cost of this equipment and the building was $900,000. An annual budget of
$160,000 pays for maintenance, a foreman,two heavy equipment operators and a temporary '
laborer. Capital expenditures during the reporting year were$200,000.
Wood Chips and Sludge in San Luis Obispo County. As mentioned above,an estimated total of '
18,275 tons of wood waste and prunings were landfilled in San Luis Obispo county during the 12
month period between July 1997 and June 1998. Based on information gathered during
interviews with managers of 6 county sewage treatment plants, over 9,000 tons of digested '
biosolids(4 out of the 6 reporting it to be"dry") are produced by the county's urban areas
(villages such as Templeton, Cayucos, Cambria and others not included.) Current disposal
practices include giving treated biosolids away to residents and ranchers, land application, daily '
cover at landfills, and biosolid composting(San Joaquin Compost).
information Souses.In addition to the report on biosolids composting in the January 1999 '
edition of the BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling, BioCycle offers a series of books
on composting and has published informative articles through the years on the subject. You can '
call BioCycle at(610)967-4135. BioCycle is also an excellent source for equipment
manufacturers.
Texarkana Water Utilities can be contacted at(903) 798-3800. Ask for Operations Chief, ,
Donnie Crittenden. San Joaquin Composting is in Lost Hills(within the Zone of Infestation).
The phone number is(805) 746-6723. '
Logs to Lumber: Sawmills '
Small scale portable sawmills have become easier to operate and less expensive in the past few
years. According to a recent edition of"California Trees",the quarterly newsletter of California
ReLeaf,the City of Lompoc saved thousands of dollars by diverting trees from the landfill and ,
milling 130 trees into valuable lumber.
1
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 22
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
' How much does it cost? New portable sawmills range in price from$4,000 to over$80,000.
There are two basic types: band sawmills and circular sawmills. While the circular sawmills
produce lumber faster,they generate a rougher cut and they waste more wood. The"kerP' or loss
of wood to sawdust with each pass, on a circular sawmill is about 1/4 inch. The band sawmill,
on the other hand, is slower,produces a smoother cut, and has a narrower kerf(about 3/32 inch).
' Manual sawmills are the least expensive and require the most amount of labor. New manual
sawmills with a trailer cost between $4,000 and$9,000.
With a power feed model,the blade is mechanically powered into the cut but the loading and
' turning of the logs is still done manually. New power feed sawmills with a trailer generally cost
between$9,000 and$14,000.
' Fully hydraulic sawmills with trailers can cost from$16,000 to $32,000. A hydraulic loader
replaces a front end loader to place the log onto the carriage of the sawmill. Hydraulic
mechanisms turn the log as it is squared for milling, and hydraulics automatically push the saw
' through the log.
Equipment for extraction of saw logs from hillsides and in residential areas includes a crane and
' a truck. Estimates for the cost of an appropriate crane are from$150,000 to $200,000. A truck
for hauling logs costs approximately $50,000.
' Accessories which often include extra bands or bits and shanks, sharpening systems,and a
sawyer's seat can add$5,000 to the cost of the sawmill.
Borrow a Portable Mill. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection(CDF)will
lend a portable sawmill to government agencies and nonprofit organizations for pilot projects.
' Contact Eric Oldar at(909) 78211140.
Information Sources. The"Sawmill Exchange"has published"The Portable Sawmill
' Encyclopedia"which,purportedly provides the most comprehensive listings of portable sawmill
manufacturers, equipment manufacturers,trade shows, and information sources. The book can
be ordered for$14.95 by calling the Sawmill Exchange at 800-459-2148.
' Helpful websites are the Sawmill Exchange at www.sawmill-exchange.com and the Forest
Products Equipment website at www.forestproductsequip.com.
Portable Small Scale Co-Generation: Wood Chips to Electricity
' Reflective Energies,working with a grant from the National Renewable Energy Labs in Golden,
Colorado, is currently developing a small,portable co-generation plant that may provide an
effective method of using pine debris locally while eliminating the pitch canker pathogen.
In the Reflective Energies process, wood is chipped, dried in a rotary drier(if above 20%
moisture), and fed to a gasifier. The gasifier turns wood chips into gas which is fed into a
' microturbine. Specifically designed to bum low pressure gas,the microturbine heats 3/4 gallon
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing.and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 23
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
of water per hour into steam which toms the turbine to generate electricity. The plant is designed
to fit on a flat bed truck trailer.
The electricity generated is fed directly into existing electric utility systems. The water used in '
the process can be either stored within the plant and refilled weekly or drawn from a source on
site. Residue from the process includes ash(equaling 5%of wood chips by weight) and steam. '
Catalytic combustion of the fuel keeps emissions within all regulatory requirements.
According to an article in the summer 1998 edition of the"California Biodiversity News" '
entitled"New Hope for the Tahoe Basin" by Rob Schlichting of the California Energy
Commission, and Karen Terrill and Russ Henley of the Department of Forestry and Fire '
Protection, this technology brings"....clean burning, low cost,portable power plants to the
biomass." (Emphasis added) The authors point out that the traditional alternative of removing
biomass from the source for co-generation at a large-scale biomass plant involves significant '
hauling costs. In the case of burning pitch canker infected pine debris, hauling also significantly
increases the risk of spreading the disease.
The plant is designed to take in 3 tons of wood chips per day and to produce 75 to 100 kilowatts ,
per hour. Based on the materials provided by Reflective Energies,the energy produced by 3 tons
of wood per day is enough to support over 100 homes with electricity. The electricity produced ,
qualifies for"green energy"pricing and is competitive with other sources due to the low cost of
fuel.
Information Sources. Reflective Energies can be found at 22922 Tiagua, Mission Viejo, CA 1
92692-1433. Edan Prabhu,president of the company, can be reached at(949) 380-4899. The
Fax number is(949)380-8407 and you can E-mail Mr. Prabhu at edanprabhu@msn.com. The '
paper cited above can be found in the summer 1998 edition of California Biodiversity News.
Chips for Anima/Bedding '
In San Luis Obispo county,pine animal bedding sells for$4.25 for 7 1/2 cubic feet
(approximately 40-50 pounds). One outlet in the county sells over 60 tons of animal bedding per '
year in 40-50 pound bags. These bags of pine bedding are shipped from Missouri.
Pathogen Ki/I. According to a recent study by McNee, Wood, Storer,and Gordon,chipping '
reduces the number of twig beetles, suspected vectors of the pathogen,by 95-97%. Since animal
bedding must be dried, a drier that ensures the elimination of the pitch canker pathogen is '
assumed to be part of the program in the selection process that ranks this option.
How Much Does It Cost? While wood chips and sawdust produced as a byproduct of milling is ,
the least expensive way to produce animal bedding, reducing wood debris to animal bedding
requires a separate set-up. WCI FiberTech Products in Gallatin, Tennessee offers a package for
converting wood debris into animal bedding. The package includes equipment, set up,training, '
and marketing assistance. Equipment includes a shredder, a grinder, conveyers,drier, deduster,a
dust collection system,a system for loading trucks, and a bagging system. Equipment,
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 24 '
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
' installation, start-up, and training costs$625,000. On site requirements include a 3,000 square
foot enclosed space, an outdoor pad for receiving and storing wood, and a power source to run
the facility.
lnformadon Sources
t For animal bedding from sawmill scraps:
West Oregon Wood Products
P.O. Box 249
Columbia City, OR 97018
800-966-5654
' WCI FiberTech
625 Rappahannock Wire Road
' Gallatin,TN 37066
(615) 230-7588
Options for Capturing, Handling, and Disposing of Pine Materials
As discussed in the"Methodology" section, collection,transport, and disposal systems are firmly
' in place in virtually all communities in the state. As a result,potential options for collection,
transport, and disposal systems that would slow the spread of pitch canker necessarily involve
modification or expansion of existing systems. The options for modifying existing systems for
capturing,handling,and disposing of pine materials generated for this report are based on the
needs reflected in the initial survey of existing systems and by needs reflected in interviews.
These options translate directly into recommendations. Therefore,please refer to the section
below entitled"Recommendations for Capturing,Handling, and Disposing of Pine Materials".
1
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 25
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
RECOMMENDED PROGRAMS FOR THE USE ,
OF PINE MATERIALS/N SAN LUIS OB/SPO COUNTY
As discussed in the"Methodology" section above, options for the uses of pine materials were '
subjected to a more rigorous method of analysis than were options for capture, handling, and '
disposal of pine materials. Again,this is due to the fact that while many options for using pine
materials are not being carried out in the county at this time, collection, transport, and disposal
systems for tree,wood, and yard debris are firmly in place in San Luis Obispo county and in most '
areas of the state.
These well entrenched and effective solid waste programs limit practical options for capturing, '
handling, and disposing of pine materials to expansion and augmentation of existing systems.
The absence of existing programs or enterprises that use, or add value,to locally collected pine
materials provides the opportunity for creativity and the need for a systematic selection process. '
Please refer to Attachment C "Program Selection Chart" for an account of the program selection
process and to the"Methodology" section above for a description of that process.
List of program options in order of their ranking '
1. Compost locally ,
2. Compost with biosolids/locally/private sector
3. Lumber/fence boards&posts
4. Chips left on site with education '
5. Lumber/pressure treated
6. Lumber/construction '
7. Compost with biosolids/locally/public agency
8. Lumber/furniture/kiln dried
9. Chips/local co-generation
10. Chips/animal bedding
11. Compost out of area
12. Whole logs debarked ,
13. Chips left on site
14. Firewood use with education program
15. Firewood used in the county '
16. Compost with biosolids/out of area
17. Firewood used out of the county
18. Whole logs with bark '
19. Chips/out of ZOI for co-generation
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 26 '
California Deparanent of Forestry and Fire Protection
' Three Geographic Areas. The recommended programs for the use of pine materials in San Luis
Obispo county are divided into the three geographic areas of:
♦ The North County area north of the Cuesta grade.
' ♦ The North Coast region from Los Osos to the Monterey county line.
♦ The area south of the Cuesta grade from the City of San Luis Obispo to the Santa Barbara
county line and including the southern coastal areas.
These geographic areas reflect logical"waste sheds" of pine debris and,consistent with the goal
of reducing the distances that unprocessed pine materials are transported,they provide reasonable
areas within which pine materials can be processed prior to long distance transport. As shown on
the"Map of Sources of Pine Materials in the Project Area",the North County and the area south
of Cuesta grade both have active composting facilities. San Luis Obispo has an active saw mill
1 with the capacity to increase the number of logs currently milled. Recommendations for these
areas include expansion of existing facilities to provide the means of debarking whole logs for
both lumber and chips for compost.
While the map indicates two greenwaste facilities in the North Coast area near Cambria,neither
are producing compost and one is no longer accepting materials. The saw mill located on the
North Coast has the capacity for some expansion, however,the quantity of logs available for
milling currently exceeds the capacity of that mill. Another factor taken into account in
development of the recommended program for the North Coast area is the limited sources of
nitrogen to mix with large volumes of carbon(wood chips). Since the major source of available
nitrogen in the area is treated municipal sludge,the second ranking option, compost with
1 biosolids,was selected rather than option one.
The following three pages show program recommendations by region.
i
1
i
1
1
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' Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 27
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
CAPTURING, HANDLING, AND DISPOSING
OF PINE MA TERIALS IN SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY
t As discussed above,recommendations for capturing,handling, and disposing of potentially
infected pine materials in San Luis Obispo county reflect the needs identified in the initial survey
of Zone of Infestation counties and the jurisdictions in San Luis Obispo county, in interviews
' with public agencies and private sector tree services and businesses, and in a review of literature.
The spread of pitch canker is a regional concern. First rate programs in one jurisdiction will not
' prevent pitch canker from being carried in from another area on firewood headed for a
campground or on greenwaste headed for a landfill on the other side of the county. Effective
programs will require the cooperation of both public agencies,private enterprises, and
' individuals in planning,funding, and implementing regional programs.
The programs described on the following pages are recommended for consideration and
' implementation on a cooperative regional basis. Clearly, implementation of many programs
must be done within each jurisdiction. Curbside greenwaste collection programs and volume
' based rates,for example, must be implemented and managed by each city or unincorporated
village area. However,regional planning and regional agreements to implement collectively
adopted programs are recommended. Regional funding for some recommended programs is also
' suggested for consideration.
1
t
t
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 2$
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
i
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPTURING, HANDL/NG, AND DISPOSING
OF PINE MA TER/ALS/N SAN L U/S OB/SPO COUNTY
Survey and Research Findings Recommendations
33°Jo of SLO county jurisdictions provide 1. Expand curbside greenwaste collection to all urban ,
separate residential curbside collection of and village areas.
greenwaste and tree debris.
2. Expand participation in existing programs through
program promotion.
33°70 of SLO county jurisdictions promote Expand volume based rate programs to all urban and
residential separation of tree debris and village areas as curbside greenwaste programs are
greenwaste by providing volume based initiated.
garbage rates coupled with curbside
collection of greenwaste.
3397,,of jurisdictions report that their own Require all municipal and county crews to separate
crews separate tree materials from other tree materials from other wastes.
wastes.
1601,of jurisdictions report that their own Adopt internal management requirements for city and '
crews disinfect tools after use on pine county crews to disinfect tree related tools between
trees. work on each pine tree.
No information about pitch canker is Develop and distribute to the public, to landfill and
provided at SLO county landfills and 3317o compost facility users and to public employees
of SLO communities provide information on comprehensive educational and promotional materials '
how to transport infected pine materials to on proper handling and transport of pine materials.
the public and to public employees.
After education and local collection and processing
There are no ordinances in SLO county systems are in place.
banning greenwaste from municipal waste '
collection systems. 1. Assess the ability of those facilities to accept
increased volumes of yard debrisif increased
volumes can be accepted and processed.•
2. Ban greenwaste from residential and commercial
trash cans and dumpsters.
3. Ban greenwaste from landfills. i
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 29 '
California Deparrnent of Forestry and Fire Protection
' Survey and Research Findings Recommendations
' 16%of the communities in the county 1. Require all municipal waste haulers and recyclers
require all waste materials to be to transport waste and yard debris in enclosed
transported in completely enclosed trucks trucks.
' by municipal haulers and self haulers.
Z. Provide incentives(lower tip fee)to self haulers
who arrive at landfills and compost facilities with
enclosed loads of wood or yard debris.
3. Provide grants to private sector tree services and
haulers to retrofit trucks with approved
' enclosures.
' 33%of county jurisdictions prohibit the 1. Adopt ordinances that prohibit the transport of
transport of pine materials to areas either unprocessed pine materials out of the county.
outside the jurisdiction or outside the ZOi.
2. Discourage transport from area of generation by
' establishing and enhancing local processing
facilities in 3 wasteshed areas.
' 3. Provide a reduced tip fee as an incentive to
dispose of tree and yard debris at local compost
facilities.
' 67% of communities in the county allow Under circumstances thatrp event the use of local
' open burning of wood debris. processing options and that require the removal of
pine debris, safe,permitted burning should be
encouraged as a practical and effective method of
eliminating the pathogen.
Public agencies and private sector tree Provide grant funds for purchase of equipment for
' services and haulers lack the equipment removal of logs from hillsides and residential areas
necessary for removal of saw logs from and hauling of logs to mills.
hillsides and residential areas for milling.
' Existing sawmills do not have capacity to Provide grant funds for purchase of approved
mill volumes of logs potentially generated equipment for milling pine trees close to areas of
' by pitch canker. generation.
Existing composters lack the ability to Provide giant funds for purchase of equipment for
debark logs for safe transport to mills. debarking logs at 2 existing composting facilities.
' Existing markets for Monterey pine lumber Stimulate markets for Monterey pine lumber by
are weak due to a lack of awareness of the providing a price preference for in-house and
product contractor use of Monterey pine lumber milled locally-
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 30
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
MODEL RESOLUTION AND ORDINANCES ,
Model Resolution for Jurisdictions Within San Luis Obispo County ,
The model resolution below reflects the specific recommendations made in this report for '
slowing the spread of pitch canker. With the primary objective of slowing the spread of pitch
canker,this model resolution contains a series of interrelated components for approval including
new facilities, incentives,regulations, educational programs which, acting as a whole, are '
designed to:
♦ Capture maximum volumes of potentially infected pine materials by expanding greenwaste '
collection systems and eliminating greenwaste from garbage cans and landfills through bans.
♦ Eliminate the pitch canker pathogen with an effective processing method.
♦ Reduce the distances potentially infected pine materials are transported before processing by '
establishing processing facilities in the North County and North Coast waste sheds.
♦ Substantially reduce the release of the pathogen during transport of potentially infected
materials by providing incentives to haulers to cavy tree materials in enclosed trucks. t
The recommendations are consistent with, and strengthen implementation of, the solid waste and '
recycling programs described in the Source Reduction and Recycling Elements adopted by the
County of San Luis Obispo and the cities of Paso Robles,Atascadero, San Luis Obispo, Morro
Bay, Grover Beach, Pismo Beach, and Arroyo Grande. Implementation of programs to capture '
and process expanded volumes of tree,yard,and wood debris will provide important progress
toward reaching the state mandated 50%waste reduction by 2000.
Adoption of this model ordinance is a first step and provides the policy foundation for t
development and implementation of specific ordinances, educational programs, incentives, and
regulations that will leverage changes to public and private sector systems and behaviors that are '
essential in the effort to slow the spread of pitch canker. Two model ordinances which are
consistent with the resolution are also provided.
1
1
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 31 '
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
RESOLUTION APPROVING PROGRAMS FOR CAPTURING,HANDLING,
' DISPOSING,AND UTILIZING PINE MATERIALS
' WHEREAS,pitch canker, an introduced fungal disease, is causing the death of Monterey pines
trees and the decline of the native Monterey Pine forest in San Luis Obispo county; and
WHEREAS, San Luis Obispo county is within the Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation which
includes all or portions of 22 coastal California counties from Mendocino to San Diego; and
' WHEREAS,there is no known cure for pitch canker and the potential for extensive
environmental and economic impacts on local ecosystems,property values, and ecotourism, and
on the vitality of California's forests is significant; and
' WHEREAS,the pitch canker fungus is vectored by insects and by the transport of infected pine
trees, logs, firewood,chips,branches, bark,needles and cones; and
' WHEREAS,it is the responsibility of all jurisdictions to take appropriate action to minimize and
slow the spread of pitch canker from infested to uninfested areas; and
WHEREAS,the spread of pitch canker is inter jurisdictional, and the costs of programs for
slowing the spread can be lowered by inter jurisdictional cooperation; and
' WHEREAS, minimizing and slowing the spread of pitch canker by reducing the distances pine
materials are transported and by reducing or eliminating the release of the pathogen during
transport of pine materials are primary goals of(name of jurisdiction).
NOW, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that(name of jurisdiction) approves the
recommendations of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection for capturing,
handling, disposing,and utilizing pine materials and shall work with other jurisdictions in the
county to accomplish the following.
To capture maximum volumes of pine materials in(name of jurisdiction) and in the San Luis
' Obispo county area, (name of jurisdiction)will work cooperatively with other jurisdictions to:
♦ Extend curbside collection of greenwaste to all urban and village areas.
♦ Expand participation in existing and new curbside greenwaste collection programs through
program promotion.
♦ Implement the use of volume based rates in all urban and village areas as an economic
' incentive to participate in curbside greenwaste collection programs.
Capturing,Handling,UtiliziM and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 32
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
To discourage transport of potentially infected materials away from the area of generation,(name ,
of jurisdiction)will work cooperatively with other jurisdictions to:
♦ Develop ordinances that prohibit the transport of pine materials out of the county. ,
♦ Develop and/or expand local facilities for processing pine materials in the area of generation '
to service the North County and North Coast areas.
♦ Provide grants for development of local facilities and purchase of equipment for processing
of pine and other tree and yard debris. ,
♦ Provide a reduced tip fee at local(area of generation) processing facilities as an incentive to
dispose of pine materials locally and reduce transport of infected materials through other
areas of the county. '
♦ Require all franchise and contract curbside greenwaste recyclers to dispose of collected
greenwaste at local processing facilities.
After local processing facilities are operational and are processing pine and other wood and yard
debris from the area of generation, (name of jurisdiction) will further contain infected pine
materials within local areas of generation by: '
♦ Developing and adopting an ordinance banning greenwaste from residential and commercial
garbage collection systems. ,
♦ Working with other jurisdictions including the County of San Luis Obispo to develop and
adopt an ordinance banning greenwaste and tree debris from landfills. '
To reduce the spread of pitch canker during the transport of potentially infected pine materials,
(name of jurisdiction)will work with other jurisdictions to: '
• Support the use of enclosed trucks for transport of tree materials and/or yard debris by
providing a reduced tip fee as an incentive for self-haulers who arrive at landfills and local '
processing facilities with enclosed loads of tree materials and/or yard debris.
♦ Encourage the use of trucks with effective enclosures by developing and implementing a '
grant program to fund approved truck enclosure retrofits for private sector haulers.
To reduce the spread of pitch canker as pine materials are handled by public agencies, (name of '
jurisdiction)will work with other jurisdictions in the county to develop and adopt internal
management guidelines requiring public agency crews and tree service companies contracting
with public agencies to: '
♦ Separate tree materials from other wastes. '
♦ Transport tree materials in closed truck containers.
♦ Dispose of all tree materials at local area processing facilities.
♦ Disinfect all tree-related tools after use on pine trees. '
To educate and inform the public about pitch canker and about programs and methods of slowing
the spread of pitch canker, (name of jurisdiction) will work with other jurisdictions in the county '
Captwing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 33 '
California Depw o,ant of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
' to develop and distribute to the public,to landfill and processing facility users, and to public
employees,clear and comprehensive materials on proper collection and transport of pine
' materials.
' To stimulate the economic sustainability of programs that slow the spread of pitch canker, (name
of jurisdiction)will use,whenever possible, locally milled pine lumber for projects within (name
of jurisdiction) including for walk ways, foot bridges, guard rails, sign posts,and fencing.
' Under circumstances that prevent the use of local processing facilities as a means of eliminating
the pitch canker fungus and that require the removal of pine debris, (name of jurisdiction)
' supports safe permitted burning as a practical method of effectively eliminating the pitch canker
pathogen.
PASSED AND ADOPTED BY(name of jurisdiction)THIS DAY OF 1999.
1
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Capturing,Handling Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 34
California Depart nent of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
Model Ordinances for Jurisdictions Within San Luis Obispo County '
What follows is language for two model ordinances. Both ordinances represent first steps in 1
slowing the spread of pitch canker.
Requirement for enclosed, leak proof trucks ,
Pursuant to (name of jurisdiction) resolution no. , all solid waste containing pine debris,
and all pine tree parts of any kind including trunks, logs,branches,bark, needles, and cones in '
any form including chips, whole logs, firewood, or any portion of a pine tree shall be hauled by
any person on any road within(name of jurisdiction) in an enclosed, leak proof container which
shall be mounted on the back of a hauling truck or secured in the rear of a truck. t
Signs Notifying Requirement for enclosed, leak proof trucks '
Signs shall be posted at all mills and solid waste and recycling facilities in(name of jurisdiction)
including landfills,composting facilities and any other facility or site that accepts wood
materials, greenwaste, or parts of trees notifying facility users of the requirements to haul all pine
debris and parts of pine trees including trunks, logs,branches,bark, needles,and cones in any
form including chips,whole logs, firewood, or any portion of a pine tree in enclosed, leak proof
trucks.
r
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 35 '
California Depwto ent of Forestry and Fire Protection
t
' PROGRAM FUND/NG OPT/ONS
' Recycling Market Development Zone Loan Program
' The California Integrated Waste Management Board has established the opportunity for cities
and counties to become designated as Recycling Market Development Zones (RMDZ).
Businesses,nonprofit organizations, and local governments located within the boundaries of a
' zone that add value to recyclable materials collected in the zone have access to low interest loans
through the zone loan program. Low interest loans are funded from an annual pool of
$5,000,000 to $10,000,000. Loan approvals take place quarterly. Applications can be
' coordinated through the administrator of the zone in which the project will occur but actual
applications should be made directly by the applicant to the California Integrated Waste
Management Board at:
' (916)255-2397
California Integrated Waste Management Board
' 8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, CA 95826
' Please see Attachment D for a list of RMDZ contacts for the Zone of Infestation counties.
Local Funds for Solid Waste Diversion Programs
' As mentioned above,the County of San Luis Obispo and 6 of the 7 cities in the county formed
the County Integrated Waste Management Authority (IWMA) as a method of implementing
' regional waste reduction,recycling and composting programs. Since its inception, the IWMA
has collected a$3.00 fee for each ton of waste disposed at landfills within the County's
' jurisdiction(Cold Canyon and Chicago Grade)which is reserved for implementation of regional
recycling and composting programs.
' Avoided Disposal Costs
Avoided disposal costs are the total costs of disposal which are avoided or saved when materials
' are diverted from disposal systems. These avoided costs represent significant savings, funds
which can be shifted from payments to disposal services(which no longer collect,transport,or
landfill the diverted materials)to development of systems and facilities for recycling tree
' materials.
If 100 tons of pine wood goes to a compost facility instead of to the landfill with a$40 per ton
1 tipping fee, the expenditure of$4,000 has been avoided. Since many jurisdictions support
garbage services through a per household fee instead of by the ton collected, a diversion of that
100 tons of pine without redirecting the $4,000 per ton fee amounts to putting$4,000 into the
' pocket of the garbage company. And while garbage companies reasonably maintain that many
costs of providing the service are not connected to variations in tons collected, efficiencies in
' routing,collection technologies and administration can be realized as tons go down.
' Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 36
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
Tipping fees within the Zone of Infestation range, according to the survey,between $10 and$64
per ton. With a focus on the project area of San Luis Obispo county and conservatively basing ,
the projection on $40 per ton,the cost of landfilling(not counting the hauling costs) 18,275
annual tons of wood debris and prunings can be estimated at $731,000. The annual costs for
disposal of sewage sludge in the surveyed areas in the county is approximately $206,500. '
The "avoided disposal cost"method of determining the costs of waste processing alternatives
provides a more accurate assessment of those costs and provides a source of revenue for ,
implementation of processing alteratives.
Grants '
What follows is a series of funding opportunities which may apply to projects related to slowing '
the spread of pitch canker.
The James Irvine foundation ,
Supports efforts to advance the goal of sustainable communities wherein environmental,
economic development,and social goals are achieved in unison.
Funding: The foundation made 295 grants in 1994 totaling $29,000,000, with the majority of '
grants equaling$100,000.
Eligibility: Tax-exempt organizations within California.
Application: A letter of inquiry to the foundation with project description and estimated budget is '
suggested. Letters and proposals are accepted year-round.
Contact:
(415) 777-2244 '
The James Irvine Foundation
One Market Plaza
Spear Tower, Suite 1715 '
San Francisco,CA 94105
EPA Solid Waste Management Assistance Grants(RCRA 8001) ,
Promotes use of integrated solid waste management systems to solve municipal solid waste
generation and management problems at the local, regional, and national levels.
Funding: The award budget for each regional office in 1995 was approximately $200,000. '
Eligibility: Nonprofit entities including federal and state authorities, public and private
organizations,and tribal governments.
Application: Requests for application forms and submittal of completed applications should be '
directed to the appropriate EPA regional office. Deadlines vary from region to region.
Contact: 1
Lois Tenney (415)744-2135
U.S. EPA Region 9
75 Hawthorne Street '
San Francisco, CA 94105
tenney.lois@epamail.epa.gov
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing.and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 37 t
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
' Rural Utilities Service Solid Waste Management Grants
Provides grants to rural areas for technical assistance and training to reduce pollution of water
' resources and improve planning and management of solid waste facilities.
Funding: $3,000,000 was awarded in 1995, with an average of$75,000 per grant.
Eligibility: Public and non-profit organizations servicing rural areas and towns with a population
of 10,000 or less.
Application: Information and applications may be obtained from Rural Economic and
' Community Development field offices. Applications are accepted from October 1 through
December 31.
Contact:
' Donna Roderick(202) 720-9589
Rural Utilities Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
14th Street&Independence Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20250
Rural Utilities Service Technical Assistance and Training Grants
Supports technical assistance and training on a wide range of water delivery and waste disposal
issues.
' Funding: $9,000,000 was awarded in 1995, with grants ranging from $40,000 to $4,000,000.
Eligibility:National non-profit organizations servicing rural areas and towns with a population of
10,000 or less.
' Application: Information and applications may be obtained from Rural Economic and
Community Development field offices.
Applications are accepted from October 1 through December 31.
' Contact:
Donna Roderick (202) 720-9589
Rural Utilities Service
t U.S. Department of Agriculture
14th Street&Independence Avenue, S.W.
' Washington, DC 20250
1
1
Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 38
California Department of Forestry and Fite Protection
1
1
TEMP"TE FOR ZO/COUNT/ES
' The purpose of this section is to provide steps which can be used by counties within the Zone of
' Infestation to develop programs for slowing the spread of pitch canker that will be locally
applicable. Since the spread of pitch canker is caused by the transport of infected pine materials,
the overall objectives of programs designed to slow the spread of pitch canker are to:
♦ Capture maximum volumes of potentially infected pine materials into systems designed to
slow the spread of the pitch canker.
♦ Process pine materials using a method that eliminates the pathogen.
♦ Reduce the overall distances that unprocessed pine materials are transported by processing
pine materials as close to the point generation as possible.
1 ♦ Preventing the release of the pitch canker pathogen by ensuring that all unprocessed pine
materials are transported in enclosed trucks.
What follows is a list of steps that represent a distillation of the process used in the development
of recommended programs for San Luis Obispo county. Each step also represents a number of
separate tasks which are discussed in more detail in the body of this report.
1. Understand current conditions:
♦ Identify and list all existing waste haulers, landfills, and wood recycling,processing
and disposal systems and facilities.
' ♦ Identify and list all existing uses of pine materials.
♦ Map the sources of pine materials in your jurisdiction.
2. Establish criteria for selecting options for using pine materials.
3. Identify and list all potential options for capturing, handling, utilizing, and disposing of pine
materials.
' 4. Identify and list all needed system changes.
1 5. Identify appropriate sites for any needed facilities.
6. Select appropriate programs for capturing, handling, utilizing, and disposing of pine
materials.
' 7. Develop policies,ordinances, and internal management needs as a basis for implementing
selected programs.
' 8. Use this report as a resource.
' Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 39
California Departrnent of Forestry and Fire Protection
' BIBLIOGRAPHY
' Terrill, K., and Henley,R. Summer 1998. New Hope for the Tahoe Basin. California
Biodiversity News,P.4.
' Ciesla, W. March 1995. Natural Forests of Monterey Pine: A Global Resource. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Unpublished paper.
Templeton, S., Wood,D., Storer, A., and Gordon, T. April 1997. Economic Damages of Pitch
Canker. Fremontia, Volume 25:2.
1 Abramovitz,J. April 1998. Taking a Stand: Cultivating a New Relationship With the World's
Forests. Worldwatch Institute, Paper No. 140.
Rogers, D. and Ledig,F. 1996. The Status of Temperate North American Forest Genetic
' Resources. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Report No. 16
Mattoon, A. December 1998. Bogging Down in the Sinks. World Watch. Volume 11,No. 6.
' P.28.
Bright, C. 1998. Life Out of Bounds Bioinvasion in a Borderless World. W.W.Norton&Co.
' Gardner, G. 1997. Recycling Organic Waste: From Urban Pollutant to Farm Resource.
Worldwatch Institute, Paper No. 135.
Grobe,K. May 1997. It's a New Era for Farm Compost. BioCycle. P. 52.
' Hoitink, H., Stone,A. and Han D. April 1997. Suppression of Plant Diseases by Composts.
HortScience,Volume 32(2). P. 184.
' Goldstein,N. and Gray,K. January 1999. Biosolids Composting in the United States.
BioCycle. P. 63.
' Porter, C. January 1999. California Wineries Take Maior Steps to Improve Vineyards.
BioCycle. P. 59.
1
1
r
' Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation 40
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
' Attachment A
RESOLUTION
COASTAL PITCH CANKER ZONE OF INFESTATION
WHEREAS, Public Resources Code, Article 5, Section 4712 through Section 4718
' provides that whenever the Director determines that there exists an area which is infested or
infected with plant diseases injurious to timber or forest growth and that the infestation or
infection is of such a character as to be a menace to the timber or timberlands of California,the
' Director,with the approval of the State Board of Forestry, may declare a zone of infestation and
describe and fix its boundaries;and
WHEREAS, said Sections provide that the Department or its agents shall cause the
1 infestation or infection to be controlled in a manner approved by the Board;and
WHEREAS,The Director has determined that there exists an infestation or infection of
the fungal disease Pitch Canker, and such infestation or infection is a plant disease injurious to
timber or forest growth in several counties in the State of California within the following
described boundaries:
' All of the area within the counties of Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin,
Monterey,Mendocino,Napa, Orange, San Benito, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San
Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma, and Ventura; and the
' portion of San Bernardino, Riverside and San Diego Counties which is westerly of the
line beginning at the San Bernardino/Los Angeles County line and proceeding easterly
along State Route(SR) 138 to Interstate Highway(I) 15; thence southerly along I-15 to
' I-215; thence southerly along I-215 to I-15; thence southerly along I-15 to SR-79;then
southerly along SR-79 to I-8; thence easterly along 1-8 to the San Diego / Imperial
County line; thence southerly along the San Diego/ Imperial County line to the U.S. /
' Mexico border.
NOW, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED by the State Board of Forestry in Regular
Meeting in Visalia, California on June 4, 1997, that said Board does hereby approve the
' declaration by the Director of the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation within the boundaries
of and comprising the area descnbed above;and
' BE IT FURTHER,RESOLVED that the Director, in accordance with the established
Forest Pest Management policy of the State Board of Forestry, and in the absence of action by
other agencies, is hereby authorized to take actions which would control the movement, disposal
and use of woody material infected with Pitch Canker and to use such funds as have been or may
' hereafter be made available for the purpose of controlling, managing, researching and educating
the people of California about said infestaattion.
' Attest:._ CiCd7yj�i1 ZL_Approv
Dean Cromwell,Executive ORaer Riibert Kerstiens, ai
State Board of Fmitry State Board of Forel
1
1
Eur,*.
Coastal Pitch Canker
Zone of Infestation
May 12, 1W
Yui
X11 FftlIC4 ',-�' er•
��
23.1 Million Acre
Zone of Infestation ,
County Boundary '
Highway �1
A�
son
1
PINE PITCH CANKER TASK FORCE
Attachment B
' CALIFORMA FOREST PEST COUNCL
POSITION PAPER
' Transport, Disposal, and Use of Woody Material
Infested with the Pine Pitch Canker Fungus
' Counties with infesdations of pine pitch canker include Alameda, Contra Costa,
Los Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Mendocino, Orange, San Benito, San Diego, San
Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz,
' and Sonoma. Infestations may be localized or widespread depending upon the
county. Know if you are in an infested area. I£ you are unsure, assume you are
within an infested area whenever working with pine within an infested county.
Most pines and Douglas-fir are susceptible to the disease, although the disease
' is most likely to be encountered in either Monterey or Bishop pines. In order to
reduce the spread of pitch canker to uninfested areas, The Pine Pitch Canker Task
Force recommends the following actions within infested areas:
' Tree pruning and cutting
a Tools and machinery which are used to prune, Cut, or chip trees with pine pitch
canker disease should be cleaned and sterilized before use on uninfected trees or
' in uninfested areas. ,Lysole or a 10t solution of bleach (1 part household bleach
in 9 parts water) are effective sterilants. A logical alternative to repeated
cleaning of equipment is to reserve one set of equipment for use only in infested
' areas and another set for use only in uninfested areas.
■ Limbs and small pieces of wood from diseased trees may be chippedandthe mulch
deposited on site or they may be burned. Any material that is removed from the
' site should be tightly covered with a tarp during transit and taken to the
nearest landfill or designated'disposal facility for prompt burial, chipping and
composting, or burning. Do not transport diseased wood out of infested counties.
' ■ Logs from diseased trees may be split for firewood for local use, but the wood
should be seasoned beneath a tightly sealed, clear plastic tarp to prevent the
buildup of destructive insects. California Department of Forestry and Fire
Protection TR88 NOTE 0, Controlling Bark Beetles in Wood Residue and Firewood,
provides specific guidelines for firewood Carping. Do, not stack pine firewood
next to living pine trees or transport it to uninfested Counties.
Firewood
■ Do not transport pine firewood out of infested counties. if you are traveling
from an infested area to camp elsewhere, take another type of firewood with you,
' such as oak or cedar, or purchase firewood at your destination.
■ If you are camping within an infested county, use up or leave behin"i3-any pine
firewood you have with you. This should be done even if you brought the firewood
' with you from an uninfested county.
Christmas trees
' ■ Individuals are advised not to transport Monterey pine Christmas trees out of
infested counties. purchase and use trees locally; dispose of Monterey pine
Christmas trees locally.
t -
A CaafillM of G0VWnn "L ftWaft aM Nor�omt Grafi
1
PINE PITCH CANKER TASK FORCE
CALIFORNIA FOREST PEST COUNCIL '
■ Preferred methods of disposal include: '
-- dispose of the tree promptly through a local recycling program, or
-- dispose at a local landfill which either buries or composts green waste, or
-- chip the tree and compost the chips or use them as. a mulch around your home. '
Seeds '
■ Seeds collected in pitch canker infested areas may carry the pathogen, even if
they are taken from cones on apparently healthy trees. Pine seeds should not be
transported out of pitch canker infested areas. ,
Chips
■ Unless the chips have been composted, do not transport pine chips out of '
infested counties. Composting chips prior to transport should greatly reduce or
eliminate the potential for disease spread.
■ within infested areas, the use of infected chips for mulch would contribute '
little to the total number of sources of the disease. However, it is best to use
chips near the site of origin as it will minimize dispersal of the pathogen to ,
uninfected areas within an infested county. Avoid using potentially infested
chips near healthy pines or Douglas-fir.
Logs ,
■ Do not transport pine logs with intact bark out of infested counties, unless
you are positive the logs originated from an uninfested area. Removing all bark '
prior to transport should greatly reduce the potential for disease spread, as
would prompt milling of the logs.
■ Pine bark should not be transported out of infested counties. Handling, ,
disposal and use is the same as for other pine green waste.
Other '
■ Any untreated pine material that originates within Snfested counties is a
potential source of pine pitch canker disease, unless the material has been
treated to eliminate the disease or has been certified to be disease-free. '
This position paper was developed by the Pine Pitch Canker Task Force and ,
approved on January 23. 1997 . It reflects conditions current as of tbj&�. date.
For further information Contact: ,
Don Owen Gary Kelly
CA Dept Forestry and Fire Protection Dept of Forest and Beach '
6105 Airport Rd. PO Box Ss
Redding, CA 96002 Carmel, CA 93921
Phone: 916-224-2494 phone: 408-624-3543
Email: Don Owenefire.ca.gov '
A coalition of Goverrrnernd.Private and Nonprofit Groupe '
PINE PITCH CANKER TASK FORCE POSITION PAPER
CALIFORNIA FOREST PEST COUNCIL page 3
1
Background
Pine pitch canker is a fungal disease that infects many species of pine
trees. It infects Monterey pine Christmas trees and has been found in
ornamental Douglas- fir at one location in Santa Cruz County. First
discovered in California in 1986, its range is spreading and now includes
16 coastal and adjacent inland counties from Mendocino to San Diego. There
is no cure and thousands of Monterey and Bishop pine trees have been
' killed.
Bark beetles, which carry the fungus, primarily infest Monterey and Bishop
' pines but also feed and breed on inland forest trees such as ponderosa
pine. As yet, the disease has not been found in the Sierra Nevada or other
heavily forested parts of the state.
' Transport, disposal and use of diseased material should be done so as not
to spread the disease to uninfested areas. Insects spread the disease
locally, but people are responsible for long-distance spread. Pine
' firewood, logs, chips, branches, needles, cones, and trees may all be a
source of the disease.
University of California scientists are currently doing studies to
' characterize the survival of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium
subglutinans f.sp. pini and associated insects in pine green waste, but
the full results are not yet in.. The fungus can survive in cut wood up to
' a year. The fungus also survives in soil up to 8 weeks or more. Insects
may survive in cut wood or chips for many months. Chipping does not
eliminate insects. When branch tips infested with twig beetles are
chipped, some insects may emerge up to 12 weeks after chipping.
' Undoubtedly, some insects will survive even longer in chipped material.
All of these findings implicate pine green waste as a viable source for
the spread of pine pitch canker disease.
1
t
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1
t
' ATTACHMENT D
RECYCL/NG MARKET DEVEL OPMEN T ZONE PROGRA M
ZONEADM/N/STRATOR CONTACTS
Agua Mansa Centra/Coast
' Tina Grotke Bill Worrell
Riverside County Economic San Luis Obispo Integrated Waste
Development Agency Management Authority
' 3525 14th Street P.O. Box 857
Riverside, CA 92501 San Luis Obispo, CA 93406
Voice (909)955-6686
FAX (909) 955-6686 City of Paso Rob/es
John McCarthy
Contra Costa Public Works Department
' Jerry Dunbar 2000 Spring Street
415 Railroad Avenue Paso Robles,CA 93446
Pittsburg, CA 94565 Voice (805)237-3860
' Voice (925)439-4896 FAX (805)2376565
FAX (925)437-0938
City of Los Angeles
' Los Angeles County Alex Rosas
Gary Gareza Mayor's Office of Economic Development
L.A. County Community Development 200 North Main Street
' Commission City Hall East, 8th Floor
2 Coral Circle Los Angeles,CA 90012
Monterey Park, CA 91755 Voice (213) 847-4418
' Voice (323) 890-7192 FAX (213) 847-0893
FAX (323) 890-8575
Napa/So/ano Areas
' North San Diego County William Rowser
Annette Gonzalez C/o Napa County Environmental
City of Poway Management Authority
' Public Services Department 1195 Third Street, Room 101
P.O. Box 789 Napa, CA 94559-3082
Poway, CA 92074-0789 Voice (707)253-4471
' Voice (619)679-5403 FAX (707)253-4545
FAX (619)486-9329
San Bernardino/Kaiser
' Oak/and/Berkeley Lee Redmond
Mark Beratta Kaiser Resources,Inc.
City of Oakland 3633 East Inland Empire Blvd., Suite 850
' Office of Economic Development Ontario, CA 91764
250 Ogawa Plaza, 5th Floor Voice (909)483-8500
' Oakland, CA 94612 FAX (909)944-6605
Voice (510)238-6657
FAX (510)238-3691
t
' Capturing,Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
1
1
t Riverside County San Francisco(City and County)
Karen Riley Karen Strandoo
SCRAP Gallery San Francisco Recycling Program
' 46350 Arabia Street 1145 Market Street, Suite 401
Indio, CA 92201 San Francisco, CA 94103
Voice (760) 863-7777 Voice (415) 554-1679
' FAX (760) 863 9873 FAX (415) 554-3434
San Diego Santa Barbara Regional
' Ken Prue Rory Lang
City of San Diego Public Works Department
' Environmental Services Department Solid Waste and Utility Division
9601 Ridgehaven Court, Suite 320 109 East Victoria Street
San Diego, CA 92123-1636 Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Voice (619)492-5010 Voice (805)882-3615
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FAX (510)494-4752
' Caphxrin&Handling,Utilizing,and Disposing of Infected Pine Material Within the Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of Infestation
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
' Attachment E
OF
TREE NOTES
' CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND FIRE PROTECTION
p 16
Pete Wilson Richard A Wilson Douglas Wheeler
' ® F Governor Director Secretary for Rtsoluces
State of California The Resources Agcy
NIIMBER: 20 duly 1995
MINE
Current Status of Pitch Canker Disease in California
' Pad L Dallara,Andrew J.Storer,Thomas R Gordon,and David L Wood
Department of Environmental science:Policy and Management.Division of Environmental Biology,
201 Wellman Hall,university of California,Berkeley 94720.
' INTRODUCTION TREE SPECIES AFFECTED BY
Pitch canker is a disease of conifers caused by the PITCH CANKER
fungus Fusarium subglutinans f. sp.pini. The fungus, Monterey pine (Pinus radiata)and Bishop pine (P.
' which apparently was introduced into California, muricata) are the tree species most commonly infected
initially infects branch tips,causing needle wilt and tip in California.The fungus has been isolated from other
death. Resinous cankers result from infection of the conifers in California, and seedlings of additional tree
bole (trunk), limbs, cones, and roots. Death of the tree species have been tested for susceptibility under
or its top may result from secondary attack by bark greenhouse conditions. (Table 1).
beetles. Bark, twig,and cone beetles are implicated as
vectors (carriers) of this pathogen.
' Table 1. Tree species found Infected with the pitch canker fungus
In nature, and species resistant or susceptible in greenhouse tests.
' Naturally Infected soecies• Native to California
Aleppo pine Pinus halepensis
Bishop pine P. muricata x
Canary Island pine P. canariensis
' Coulter pine P. coulter! x
Digger (gray) pine P. sabiniana x
Italian stone pine P. pines
Knobcone pine P. attenuata x
Monterey pine P. radiata x
Monterey x knobcone pine P. radiata x attenuata x
Ponderosa pine P. ponderosa x
' Shore pine P. contorta x
Torrey pine P. torreyana x
Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesli x
' Species susceptible in greenhouse seedlino tests
Eldarica pine Pinus eldarica
Jeffrey pine P.]af reyi x
Mugo pine P. mugo
Scots pine P. sylvestris
Sugar pine P. lambertians x
' Species resistant in greenhouse seedling tests
Brutia pine Pinus brutia
White fir Abies concolor x
Coast redwood Sequoia sempervlrens x
'
Giant sequoia Sequoladendron giganteum x
Incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens x
Norfolk Island pine Araucaria excelsa
DISTRIBUTION OF PITCH SYMPTOMS OF PITCH '
CANKER IN CALIFORNIA CANKER DISEASE
Pitch canker epidemics in ornamental plantings of Infected trees may exhibit a number of disease
Monterey pine occur in Alameda, Santa Cruz, and symptoms, but not all symptoms will necessarily be '
northern Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties (Map present on an individual tree. The first indication of
1). Smaller numbers of infected trees have been found infection on pines is usually the wilting and fading of
in Sonoma, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, needles on previously vigorous, unshaded branch tips, ,
Santa Clara, Santa Barbara, and Los Angeles counties. with resin exudation from the infection site. Foliage
Infected Christmas trees have been found in San Mateo, becomes yellow, then red, and falls from the branch.
Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego counties. This produces dieback that is often striking, with loss
of all needles between the branch tips and the most '
Pitch canker infections in the native populations of recent branch and cone whorls. Pine cones abort before
Monterey pine at Point Ano Nuevo and the Monterey or after reaching full size, and typically remain closed
Peninsula were initially found in 1992. At both on infected whorls. Removal of bark from infected
locations, the number of diseased trees has increased areas, or cankers, reveals honey-colored wood that is '
rapidly. The disease was reported in a native Monterey soaked with resin. Bole cankers are slightly sunken, up
pine stand at Cambria in 1994. The two Mexican island to approximately eight inches in diameter, and usually
native populations have not been assessed for pitch appear after branch dieback has occurred. Crystallized,
canker. A small number of infected trees has been white resin produced by bole cankers often coats lower
found in native Bishop pine stands in southern limbs and several feet of bark below the infection.
Mendocino County. Infections of Douglas-fir are characterized by tip
dieback without copious resin exudation;
Map 1: Areas of localized and widespread callous tissue may form at infection sites.
pitch canker infection in California.
In Monterey pine Christmas trees, resinous '
cankers are produced at the root crown; the
entire tree subsequently wilts and dies.
Christmas tree branch infections will
� Key, occasionally occur in the absence of root t
�.� ♦ Localized areas of Infection crown cankers. Tree death does'not follow as
me Widespread areas of Infection rapidly in these cases.
Pitch canker symptoms may appear at nay time
'�-- of year, but initial symptoms in mature trees 1
are most commonly observed in spring and
summer. Symptoms have been observed in all '
age classes of trees. Bark beetle galleries are
-�. ✓" commonly associated with diseased plant
tissues.
CONDITIONS THAT CAN BE
MISTAKEN FOR PITCH CANKER
J } ,
°W""`°Aft XW�POW A number of insects, disease organisms, and
.....� � f' environmental conditions cause symptoms that may be
confused with pitch canker (Table 2). Positive diagnosis
requires laboratory isolation and culture of the pitch '
f canker fungus from symptomatic tree tissues.
«^� PITCH CANKER FUNGUS '
N eaaro 4 '®" I TRANSMISSION
` .......,... 'T—_� Insect-caused wounds appear to be required as
1 •ecce.,.' e.amo` infection courts for the pitch canker fungus. '
Many insects are capable of causing wounds
so 'O� �( and some have been shown to transmit the
Scale In falls �° pitch canker fungus. Insect vector studies '
• 9 --'-T"—_--� continue to focus on bark and cone inhabiting
beetles that are known to carry this pathogen.
(Table 3.)
1
1
' Table 2. Comparison of pitch canker symptoms with other conditions of
Monterey pine.
N
Ivey
� a b
� m N
m C �
X: symptom usually occurs CCD _a `o E
a — m
m o
O: symptom occasionally m 3 m a n
occurs
e o o g c o c m
m ° 0 C n m 3
' o E Y
fA } } O V J fA !A
Pitch canker fungus X X O X X
Western gall rust X O O X
' Dwarf mistletoe O O X
Monterey pine scale X X
Pitch moth O X
' Monterey pins tip moth X
Weevils X
Red turpentine beetle X
Ips bark beetles O O O
Cone beetles X X
Twig beetles O X X O
Tree pruning or wounding X O
Salt and wind dleback X X
Shade suppressed branches O X O
' Silver-spotted tiger moth X X
Adult twig (Pityophrhorus spp.) and cone Table 3. Bark and cone beetle species from
' (Conophthorus radiarae) beetles may inoculate trees which pitch canker fungus has been Isolated.
when they excavate feeding and egg galleries in twig
bark and cone'tissues. Lasconotus pertenuis and Monterey pine engraver Ips mexicanus
Ernobius puncrulatus adults enter these existing
galleries and may transfer fungal inoculum (e.g. spores) Four-spined engraver I. plastographus
to cone or twig beetles or infect tree tissues directly. California five-spined ips I. paraconfusus
Engraver beetles (Ips species) have been shown to Monterey pine cone beetle Conophthorus radiarae
' cause infections on tree boles by their tunneling
activities. Most of these beetle species commonly Twig beetles Piryophrhorus carmeli
inhabit recently fallen tree material as well as live P. pulchellus tuberculatus
trees. Many utilize more than one host tree species and P. nitidulus
' have wide geographic ranges; dispersal of
inoculum-carrying insects may result in the appearance P. setosus
of pitch canker disease in new locations. We are Cylindrical bark beetles Lasconorus perrenuis
' investigating the host preferences, distribution, and
vector biology of many of these insects. L. nucleatus
Dry twig and cone beetle Ernobius punctularus
Seeds coats of Monterey pine have been found to carry
the pitch canker fungus. Germination of inoculum-
carrying seeds has yielded infected seedlings. Monterey pine appears to be resistant to the disease, no
resistant varieties of seedlings are available for
planting at the present time. Disease management is
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
currently limited to control of inoculum, reduction of
No effective control of pitch canker, using either vector breeding material, and restricted planting of
chemical or biological agents, is currently available. susceptible tree species.
Although a small proportion of landscape-planted
Inoculum and vector control includes the removal and FUTURE IMPLICATIONS '
disposal of infected trees and restriction of movement
of diseased firewood. Pruning to remove infected tips The potential for the spread of the pitch canker fungus
will usually not eliminate the disease. However, if a is significant considering the susceptibility of most
lightly infected tree is relatively isolated from other pine species and the efficiency of the associated insects '
diseased trees, removal of infected tips may slow the in finding suitable host material. Native Monterey pine
development of a new disease center. Sterilization of and Bishop pine stands are now at risk, as are
pruning tools with Lysoltm or household bleach should landscape plantings of these and numerous other '
be performed before and after pruning operations. conifers.
Infected or uninfected prunings and cut branches, and
infected trees may contain or become infested with Insects that feed and breed on more than one tree
insects (primarily bark-inhabiting beetles) that carry species present the threat of infecting previously t
the pathogen. To reduce the risk of further infection, unaffected tree species. The appearance of pitch canker
this material should be chipped and spread or burned in in ornamental plantings of Douglas-fir and ponderosa
place; chips should be spread in a thin layer to allow pine has raised concern that native and commercial
rapid drying. It is not recommended that logs and stands of these species in nearby coastal forests and the '
firewood cut in infested areas be moved from the Sierra Nevada may become impacted by this disease.
region of origin. Native and landscape stands of these and other conifers
in central coastal California are being monitored for ,
Seed collection is not recommended in areas where symptoms of pitch canker.
pitch canker is present. Nurseries should burn infected
seedlings. The restricted native ranges of Monterey pine, Torrey
pine, and Bishop pine heightens concern for the effect '
Planting of susceptible tree species in areas with of pitch canker on these populations. Monterey pine is
current pitch canker infections is likely to result in new the most widely planted timber species in the world,
infections. Such plantings should especially be avoided and California's native populations represent a global '
in the vicinity of native populations of Monterey, resource for breeding programs. Pitch canker has the
Bishop, shore, and Torrey pines, as these species have potential to reduce the genetic diversity of these
very limited native geographic distributions. New species and the integrity of their native stands.
plantings of Monterey pine risk development of pitch '
canker infection throughout California: consequently FURTHER READING:
landscape plantings are not recommended at this time. Storer A. J., T. R. Gordon, D. L. Wood, and P. L.
Research is underway to find disease-resistant varieties t
of Monterey pine. Dallara. 1995. Pitch Canker in California.
California Department of Forestry and Fire
It is important that the occurrence of pitch canker in Protection, California Forestry Note #110.
new areas be reported to county farm advisors or the '
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Tree species, locations, numbers of symptomatic
branches present on trees, and number of symptomatic We thank David H. Adams, Jack P. Marshall, and
trees in the area should be indicated. Donald R. Owen of the California Department of '
Forestry and Fire Protection for providing reviews of
this manuscript.
Jesse Rios: Editor '
CDF Forest Pest Management(916) 653-9476
' ATTACHMENT F
RESOURCES
' Capturing, Milling, and Processing Lumber
Timber Harvest Magazine/Timber Processing Magazine (800) 665-5631
' Logging and Sawmill Journal (604)990-9970
Southern Lumberman Magazine (615) 791-1961
The Sawmill Exchange www.sawmiU-exchange.com
Forest Products Equipment www.forestproductsequip.com
' Hauling, Recycling, and Composting
California Integrated Waste Management Board
' Organics and Resource Efficiency (916)255-2490
www.ciwmb.ca.gov
BioCycle Journal of Composting and Recycling (610)9674135
' Global Recycling Network http://gm.com
Recycler's World www.recycle.net/recycle
Compost and Disease Suppression
Karin Grobe, "It's a New Era For Farm Compost", BioCycle Magazine, May 1997.
Gary Gardner, "Recycling Organic Waste: From Urban Pollutant to Farm Resource",World
1 Watch Paper 135,World Watch Institute, August 1997. (508) 750-8400
Hoitink, Stone, and Han, "Supression of Plant Diseases by Composts",Hortscience, Vol.32(2)
April 1997
Wood Chips
' McNee, Wood, Storer, and Gordon, "Insect and pathogen survival in Monterey pine material
' infected with Fussa ium subglutinans f.sp puu, the causal aagent of Pitch Canker Disease"
Contact Tom Gordon,Department of Plant Pathology,University of California, Davis at
(530) 754-9893.
Tim Glenn, "A Residuals Market Grows, Chip by Chip", BioCycle Journal of Composting and
Recycling, May 1997.
WCI FiberTech Products, LLC (615)230-7588